By ESNR
 History
The international ISO standard is based on the German DIN standard 476 (DIN 476) from 1922.
The formats that became A2, A3, B3, B4 and B5 were developed in France, and published in 1798 during the French Revolution, but were subsequently forgotten.
The aspect ratio used by this standard was mentioned in a letter by the German Georg Christoph Lichtenberg, written on 25 October 1786.
ISO 216:1975, defines two series of paper sizes: A and B
ISO 269:1985, defines a C series for envelopes
ISO 217:1995, defines two untrimmed series of raw paper sizes: RA and SRA
A series
A size chart illustrating the ISO A series.
Paper in the A series format has a aspect ratio, although this is rounded to the nearest millimetre. A0 is defined so that it has an area of 1 m, prior to the above mentioned rounding. Successive paper sizes in the series (A1, A2, A3, etc.) are defined by halving the preceding paper size, cutting parallel to its shorter side (so that the long side of A(n+1)
is the same length as the short side of An, again prior to rounding).
The most frequently used of this series is the size A4 which is 210 297mm. A4 paper is 6mm narrower and 18mm longer than the "Letter" paper size, commonly used in North America.
The geometric rationale behind the square root of 2 is to maintain the aspect ratio of each subsequent rectangle after cutting the sheet in half, perpendicular to the larger side. Given a rectangle with a longer side, x, and a shorter side, y, the following equation shows how the aspect ratio of a rectangle compares to that of a half rectangle: which reduces to or an aspect ratio of
The formula that gives the larger border of the paper size An in metres and without rounding off is the geometric sequence: an = 21 / 4 n / 2. The paper size An thus has the dimension an an + 1.
The exact millimetre measurement of the long side of An is given by .
B series
A size chart illustrating the ISO B series.
The B series are defined in a similar manner to the A series; the lengths still have the ratio , and folding one in half gives the next in the series. The difference however is that while A0 paper has total area of 1m2, B0 is instead defined to have its shorter side of length 1m. It can be shown that the B series formats are geometric means between the A series format with a particular number and the A series format with one lower number. For example, B1 is the geometric mean between A1 and A0.
There is also an incompatible Japanese B series defined by the JIS. The lengths of JIS B series paper are approximately 1.22 times those of A-series paper. By comparison, the lengths of ISO B series paper are approximately 1.19 times those of A-series paper.
The exact millimetre measurement of the long side of Bn is given by .
C series
A size chart illustrating the ISO C series.
The C series formats are geometric means between the B series format with a particular number and the A series format with the same number, (e.g., C2 is the geometric mean between B2 and A2). The C series formats are used mainly for envelopes. An A4 page will fit into a C4 envelope. C series envelopes follow the same ratio principle as the A series pages. For example, if an A4 page is folded in half so that it is A5 in size, it will fit into a C5 envelope (which will be the same size as a C4 envelope folded in half).
A, B, and C paper fit together as part of a geometric progression, with ratio of successive side lengths of 21/8, though there is no size half-way between Bn and An-1: A4, C4, B4, "D4," A3, ...; there is such a D-series in the Swedish extensions to the system.
The exact millimetre measurement of the long side of Cn is given by .
Tolerances
The tolerances specified in the standard are:
1.5mm for dimensions up to 150mm,
2.0mm for lengths in the range 150 to 600mm, and
3.0mm for any dimension above 600mm.
A, B, C comparison
ISO/DIN paper sizes in millimetres and in inches
A Series Formats
B Series Formats
C Series Formats
size
mm
inches
mm
inches
mm
inches
0
841 1189
33.1 46.8
1000 1414
39.4 55.7
917 1297
36.1 51.1
0+
914 1292
35.9 50.8
1118 1580
44 62.2
- -
- -
1
594 841
23.4 33.1
707 1000
27.8 39.4
648 917
25.5 36.1
1+
609 914
24 36
- -
- -
- -
- -
2
420 594
16.5 23.4
500 707
19.7 27.8
458 648
18.0 25.5
3
297 420
11.7 16.5
353 500
13.9 19.7
324 458
12.8 18.0
3+
329 483
12.9 19.0
- -
- -
- -
- -
4
210 297
8.3 11.7
250 353
9.8 13.9
229 324
9.0 12.8
5
148 210
5.8 8.3
176 250
6.9 9.8
162 229
6.4 9.0
6
105 148
4.1 5.8
125 176
4.9 6.9
114 162
4.5 6.4
7
74 105
2.9 4.1
88 125
3.5 4.9
81 114
3.2 4.5
8
52 74
2.0 2.9
62 88
2.4 3.5
57 81
2.2 3.2
9
37 52
1.5 2.0
44 62
1.7 2.4
40 57
1.6 2.2
10
26 37
1.0 1.5
31 44
1.2 1.7
28 40
1.1 1.6
Application
Before the adoption of ISO 216, many different paper formats were used internationally. These formats did not fit into a coherent system and were defined in terms of non-metric units.
The ISO 216 formats are organized around the ratio ; two sheets next to each other together have the same ratio, sideways. In scaled photocopying, for example, two A4 sheets in reduced size fit exactly onto one A4 sheet, an A4 sheet in magnified size onto an A3 sheet, and an A5 sheet scaled up onto a A4 sheet, in each case there is neither waste nor want.
The principal countries not generally using the ISO paper sizes are the United States and Canada, which use the Letter, Legal and Executive system.
Rectangular sheets of paper with the ratio are popular in paper folding, where they are sometimes called "A4 rectangles" or "silver rectangles". However, in other contexts, the term "silver rectangle" can also refer to a rectangle in the proportion , known as the silver ratio.
See also
ISO 128
Letter (paper size)
Paper size
References
"Loi sur le timbre (N 2136)" (in franais). Bulletin des lois de la Rpublique (Paris: French government) (237): 12. 1798-11-03. http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/loi-timbre.html. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
Briefwechsel, Band, III; Lichtenberg (1786-10-25). "Lichtenberg letter to Johann Beckmann" (in Deutsch). Georg Christoph Lichtenberg (1990 ed.). Deutschland: Verlag C. H. Beck. ISBN 3-406-30958-5. http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/lichtenberg-letter.html. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
Lister, David. "The A4 rectangle". The Lister List. England: British Origami Society. http://www.britishorigami.info/academic/lister/a4.php. Retrieved 2009-05-06.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: DIN EN ISO 216
International standard paper sizes: ISO 216 details and rationale
ISO 216 at iso.org
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ISO Standards
Lists: List of ISO standards List of ISO romanizations List of IEC standards
Categories: Category:ISO standards Category:OSI protocols
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See also: All articles beginning with "ISO"
Categories: DIN standards | ISO standards | Stationery | MetricationHidden categories: Articles needing additional references from February 2009 | All articles needing additional references
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I am China Computer Parts writer, reports some information about wire paper rack , baseball cap display rack.
Improve performance with good Baseball Bats and Easton baseball bats
By Simon Lee
If you want to play your best game then you need to be very confident and relaxed but if you select the wrong bat then this will also affect your mental state as well. If you feel uncomfortable with your bat then this will discourage you and you will not be able to perform your best. So do remember that when you are buying baseball bats then buy it from an accredited retail store that have the good quality bats. After choosing good quality baseball bats then comes the other point that needs to be considered. To decide the size of the baseball bat that you want to buy is another important point that you should take into account.
After choosing the correct size then comes the point of bat speed. It is recommended to choose the heaviest baseball bats with which you feel comfortable. To see whether you are comfortable or not you can take the bat and swing it very hard, and then notice whether you can maintain your balance with that bat or not. If you are not able to handle that heavy bat, then you should choose a size lower than that one. This will help you to get the swing that you want. So choosing the perfect size that suits you is also very significant for a good performance.
You can get quality baseball bats from Easton baseball bats. They are known for making good quality baseball bats since a very long time. The aluminum and wooden bats that they manufacture are very durable and also light weight. Many amateurs as well as professional players prefer Easton baseball bats because of the premium quality bats that they produce. The baseball bats from the Easton baseball bats have the perfect blend of weight and the length of a baseball bat. This perfect combination helps the players to maintain a perfect swing which will also help to improve their performance.
Simon Lee writes informative and unique articles about Baseball bats and Easton baseball bats. One thing that separates Simon Lee from others is the passion he puts into it, knowing full well and respecting the time viewers spend on reading his work.
Cosmetics Shops: The Second Undertaking To Find A Breakthrough
By ESNR
 2008 6 25, Typhoon "Fengshen" effect to the arrival of the Pearl River Delta, Dongguan City is heavy rain, but another big storm could stop the Guangdong region Cosmetic Franchise shop owner who's itinerary. 400 a number of excellent cosmetic franchise store owner came to the Nile Hotel in Dongguan, to participate in the "Beauty World" magazine, marketing cosmetics in China Research Center, the quality of the letter (Beijing) Customer Satisfaction Centre jointly organized the "Pearl Triangle-based specialty stores on Development Forum. "
Present, the Pearl River Delta region of cosmetics shops in the preceding years of rapid development, currently in the survival of the fittest, re "shuffle" on the key period. How healthy living, how to grow and develop, how to find new profit growth point for ... ... these issues, without exception, every day dreaming of shop owner, a serious problem. Pearl River Delta region in the early days of the brilliant shops, the face of the impact of market environment, many ambitious people have set foot on the "second pioneering" improve journey.
Writer here in the forum before and the many shops of the current owner of cosmetics through lectures franchise market reshuffle of the current situation, in the brutal competition in the market to break, it is the second venture. And very honored to serve as guest host and renowned industry expert Xi Chen (Chongqing Head of liberal arts advisory body cosmetics), Feng Jianjun (China Brand Research Institute Fellow), cosmetic shops chain in China with outstanding achievements within the industry, Tsai Health (Nanjing percentage of women head of cosmetics chain operators), Hong Liu Juan (Dongguan cool woman in the world chain), and very familiar with the Pearl River Delta region, the two brand service Liang Hua Union (Dongguan Ying Chuang General Manager), Wei-Lin Dai (Dai Shenzhen Seoul Trade Co., Ltd. General Manager) from all levels together to discuss how the second pioneering cosmetics shops.
With the experts and the head of a successful chain of ideas collision, sentiment much, now not only the Pearl River Delta region, the market cosmetics shops, specialty stores nationwide cosmetics market have been quietly shuffle, do more good stores to better, but most of the stores are wandering for survival, how to develop, how to break a franchise stores and their biggest concern. Hope that the article can give a large number of cosmetics shops owners to bring some new ideas, to really highlight the folder department stores and supermarkets around, cosmetics shops out of the vicious competition between the common will to achieve better cosmetic franchise market .
A cosmetics specialty stores market status
1, competition between cosmetics sales channels:
The domestic cosmetics market, and cosmetics specialty stores compete for the main sales channels are shopping centers, supermarkets, Beauty salons , Drug and cosmetic stores, all the channels to continuously enhance their competitiveness, strengthen the brand's supply system, improve customer services, resulting in cosmetic shops on increasing competition, and as such lead to diversion of consumers, it is cosmetic exclusive channels have to face major competition.
But everywhere, especially in the Northeast region, the Pearl River Delta region, Yangtze River Delta region, some of the provinces, the local market, the business area of cosmetic specialty stores combined with other sales channels than the total area of cosmetics business, have equal shares ( regional market cosmetics shops good and bad atmosphere in the basic consumer cosmetics shops from the area sum of the operating area may be); plus the convenience advantages of cosmetic shops, cosmetics, fine and all, to meet the customer's choice, professional sales and service cosmetics franchise has separate channels and other channels to, sales of cosmetics shops climate has affected the region of the cosmetic habits of customers, customers have been accustomed to buy cosmetics, cosmetic shops, specialty stores form a competitive advantage.
2, the competition among cosmetic shops shuffle:
Cosmetics shops in the market have been 10 next year based on time, shop the market after years of accumulation, through a long period of precipitation, leading to reshuffle the market test phase has been a two-thirds, and pattern is clear, the current present polarization: store strong stronger and the weak weaker, good product brands have entered into a good store (the brand has been carved up and use of resources). The store has excellent build out the store's own brand, store brand, has become the leading effect in the local. This store promotions to do effective, employee loyalty is also high, customer turnover is lower. When customers shop for the best resources have been gathered, more and more difficult to open new stores. Competition pattern has been clear polarization.
I am an expert from China Computer Parts, usually analyzes all kind of industries situation, such as vintage baseball hats , kids bucket hat.
MLB: History of the San Diego Padres
By Edwin Leonard
 The San Diego Padres are a Major League Baseball team. They are members of the National League. The National League is broken up into several different divisions. The Padres play within the West Division along with the Dodgers, Giants, Rockies and Diamondbacks. The Padres were established in 1969 and have played within the National League West ever since the beginning.
The truth of the matter is that the Padres were around for a very long time before they really began to find success within the franchise. It often takes a few years for a team to find their first taste of success, but the Padres underwent an exceptionally long adjustment period after joining Major League Baseball.
The Padres have won 5 division titles in their history. They have gone on to win the NL Pennant two other times. The first taste of success that the Padres experience was in 1984. This was 15 years after they first began play.
In 1984 the Padres were led by Dick Williams. The team had several different offensive weapons on their squad. This squad included the likes of Steve Garvey, Garry Templeton, Alan Wiggins and Tony Gwynn.
Tony Gwinn is probably the most famous player to ever play for the San Diego Padres. Interestingly enough, Tony Gwynn was not like your typical headline player. Over history people tend to gravitate towards the hitters that hit a lot of homeruns and drive in a lot of RBIs. Tony Gwyn had some years where he had a fair amount of homeruns, but he was never the power hitter that you would expect a famous player to be. He was instead one of the greatest contact hitters to ever play the game. In 1984 Tony Gwynn managed to win his first batting title of his career. This batting title would be the first of many as he amassed 8 titles over the course of his career.
The offense wasnt the only thing working for the Padres that season. They also had a stellar pitching staff and a bullpen that was anchored by Goose Gossage. The team managed to win the NL West Division for the first time that season. The success didnt stop there for the Padres though. They managed to push through the playoffs and also collected their first NL Pennant in 1984.
The Padres faded for a while after, but they came back to prominence in the mid 1990s. The team managed to make a push in a division that featured young talent with the Dodgers and superstar Barry Bonds from the Giants. The team kept pushing and managed to win the NL West in 1996 and 1998. The year 1998 was the second and last pennant that the Padres would win.
About a decade later the team managed to rise again. The NL West is known as a division where the teams experience a quick rise and fall. The Padres came out of nowhere and won the division in 2005 and 2006. The team has been up and down since then, but they are still playing in the NL West where anything could happen.
Edwin Leonard writes reviews on various sporting events including the different sportsbook websites. In this piece of write up, the author highlights on some of legends of MLB and MLB Betting odds. The author also takes the readers thought on how to bet on baseball.
Online Sports Betting Thrilling and Comfortable
By jessica thomson1
 No sport is complete without betting. There is something incredibly raw and amazing about betting that sets our pulses racing. You know when your gut instinct tells you something, and it gives you a high like nothing else ever could when you cash in on your instincts. Without realising it, we are betting all the time. We often make various guesses when we are working on a project, and then we guess the kind of questions that the clients will most certainly ask. When we get engaged, we are actually betting on our emotions, because we feel that at that moment, this is something that will last forever.
The best part about American sports betting is that it is absolutely legal. But it is not very easy to place bets these days. Most of us are way too busy in work and in routine lifes chores that keep us busy. At these times, it is not possible to be on the phone or glued to the TV at the same time. We all have jobs to do, and things that are more important. But it could be so much more fun, if only we could find a way that enables us to understand the various moods and trends in the season or tournament, and then place bets accordingly.
Online betting
Online sports betting are one of the best ways in which you can accomplish this. With the help of various websites, that are updated on a constant per second basis about what is happening in the current match, as well as the overall score sheet, you can get the best of betting. These sites can be accessed anywhere. Thus, while you are working, you can keep these websites open, and keep checking on whats happening on the betting front. You could do this even while you are travelling by checking the latest updates on these sites through your mobile phone.
Advantages of online betting
American sports betting have become much more fun due to these sites. It is very simple to transfer and receive funds online, rather than run around with wads of cash. There is much more to these websites than just checking scores and placing bets. You can also get some amazing tips. For example, if you are a hard core basketball fan, but are new to betting, you can get some extremely good American basketball betting tips from these websites. With these basketball betting tips, even beginners can gain a good amount of money. You will be able to minimise your losses and follow the game much better.
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